• High-pitched squeal: Newborn to its mother, who recognizes her calf by its voice.
• Bark: Warning of danger.
• Chirps, mews and miscellaneous squeals: General conversation among the group.
• Bugling (bellow escalating to squealing whistle ending with grunt): Bull advertising his fitness to cows, warning other bulls to stay away, or announcing his readiness to fight.

Elk also use body language. For example, an elk displays dominance by raising its head high.